The Battle of Fredericksburg
1928 Nació Juan Alonso, futbolista español.
1911 Nació Trygve Haavelmo, economista noruego, ganador del Premio Nobel de Economía en 1989.
1887 Nació Miguel Maura, político español.
1944 Fallece Vasili Kandinsky, pintor ruso.
1868 Fallece Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, médico, botánico y explorador alemán.
1466 Fallece Donatello, escultor florentino.
Santa Lucia
Santa Aurora
Efemérides del día, efemérides de la semana, efemérides del año. Cuándo nació? Donde nació? Donde murió? Cuando murió? Cómo murió?. Santoral de hoy, todos los Santos, las Santas, las Beatas...
2002 Copenhague, Dinamarca. La Unión Europea anuncia la incorporación de diez países efectivo el 1 de mayo 2004: Chipre, Estonia, Hungría, Letonia, Lituania, Malta, Polonia, la República Checa, Eslovaquia, y Eslovenia.
1988 Firma de un acuerdo de paz por el que Namibia se independiza de Sudáfrica.
1981 El lider Polaco Lech Walesa es arrestado y el gobierno establece ley marcial, restringiendo derechos civiles y suspendiendo las operaciones de la independencia de los tratados de la unión de Solidaridad.
1958 EE.UU. lanza el cohete Júpiter desde Cabo Cañaveral un cohete, con un mono a bordo.
1938 Se crea la ONCE (Organización Nacional de Ciegos de España).
1910 Disturbios estudiantiles en San Petersburgo y Odessa contra el uso de castigos corporales a presos políticos.
1906 Francia, Gran Bretaña e Italia firman un tratado por el que garantizan la independencia de Abisinia.
1862 Termina la Batalla de Fredericksburg con la sangrienta matanza de la avanzada de tropas de la Unión en Marye's Heights. El Coronel de Maine chamberlain presente en Marye's Heights.
1545 Apertura oficial del Concilio de Trento, convocado para hacer frente al protestantismo.
1527 Creación de la Audiencia de México, cuyo primer presidente fue Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán.
1481 Juan II es nombrado rey de Portugal tras la muerte de su padre Manuel II "el Afortunado".
1474 Isabel la Católica es proclamada reina de Castilla en Segovia.
Lech Walesa - Oslo Freedom Forum 2010
Lech Wałęsa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Born 29 September 1943 (1943-09-29) (age 67)
Popowo, Poland
Political party Solidarity Electoral Action
Spouse(s) Danuta Gołoś
Profession Electrician
Religion Roman Catholicism
Lech Wałęsa (Polish: [ˈlɛx vaˈwɛ̃sa] ( listen), English: /ˌlɛk vəˈwɛnsə/;[1] born 29 September 1943) is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland 1990–95.[2]
Wałęsa was an electrician by trade, with no higher education. Soon after beginning work at the Gdańsk (then, "Lenin") Shipyards, he became a trade-union activist. For this he was persecuted by the Polish communist government, placed under surveillance, fired in 1976, and arrested several times. In August 1980 he was instrumental in negotiations that led to the ground-breaking Gdańsk Agreement between striking workers and the government, and he became a co-founder of the Solidarity trade-union movement. Arrested again after martial law was imposed and Solidarity was outlawed, upon release he continued his activism and was prominent in the establishment of the 1989 Round Table Agreement that led to semi-free parliamentary elections in June 1989 and to a Solidarity-led government.
In 1990 he successfully ran for the newly re-established office of President of Poland. He presided over Poland's transformation from a communist to a post-communist state, but his popularity waned. After he narrowly lost the 1995 presidential election, his role in Polish politics was diminished. His international fame remains, however, and he speaks and lectures in Poland and abroad on history and politics.
Life
Wałęsa was born in Popowo, Poland, on 29 September 1943.[2] His father Bolesław was a carpenter who died shortly after World War II.[2][3][4]
Lech graduated from primary school and vocational school in nearby Chalin and Lipno, and did his obligatory stint of military service, attaining the rank of corporal, before beginning work at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk (Stocznia Gdańska im. Lenina, now the Gdańsk Shipyard, Stocznia Gdańska) as an electrician in 1966 or 1967 (sources vary).[2][3][4][5]
On 8 December 1969 he married Danuta Gołoś. The couple have eight children: Bogdan, Sławomir, Przemysław, Jarosław, Magdalena, Anna, Maria-Wiktoria, Brygida.[3][4]
Solidarity
From early on, Wałęsa was interested in workers' concerns; in 1968 he encouraged shipyard colleagues to boycott official rallies that condemned recent student strikes.[3] A charismatic leader,[6] he was an organizer of the illegal 1970 strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard (the Polish 1970 protests) when workers protested the government's decree raising food prices; he was considered for chairman of the strike committee.[2][3] The strikes' outcome, involving over 30 worker deaths, galvanized his views on the need for change.[3] In June 1976, Wałęsa lost his job at the Gdańsk Shipyards for his continued involvement in illegal unions, strikes and a campaign to commemorate the victims of the 1970 protests.[2][3][4] Afterwards, he worked as an electrician for several other companies, but was continually laid off for his activism and was jobless for long periods.[3] He and his family were under constant surveillance by the Polish secret police; his home and workplace were always bugged.[3] Over the next few years, he was arrested several times for participating in dissident activities.[2]
Wałęsa worked closely with the Workers' Defense Committee (KOR), a group that emerged to lend aid to individuals arrested after 1976 labor strikes and to their families.[2] In June 1978 he became an activist of the underground Free Trade Unions of the Coast (Wolne Związki Zawodowe Wybrzeża).[4] On 14 August 1980, after another food-price hike led to a strike at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk—a strike of which he was one of the instigators—Wałęsa scaled the shipyard fence and, once inside, quickly became one of the strike leaders.[2][3] The strike inspired similar strikes, first at Gdańsk, then across Poland. Wałęsa headed the Inter-Plant Strike Committee, coordinating the workers at Gdańsk and at 20 other plants in the region.[2] On 31 August, the communist government, represented by Mieczysław Jagielski, signed an accord (the Gdańsk Agreement) with the Strike Coordinating Committee.[2] The agreement, besides granting the Lenin Shipyard workers the right to strike, permitted them to form their own independent trade union.[7] The Strike Coordinating Committee legalized itself as the National Coordinating Committee of the Solidarność (Solidarity) Free Trade Union, and Wałęsa was chosen chairman of the Committee.[2][4] The Solidarity trade union quickly grew, ultimately claiming over 10 million members—more than a quarter of Poland's population.[8] Wałęsa's role in the strike, in the negotiations, and in the newly formed independent trade union gained him fame on the international stage.[2][3]
Wałęsa held his position until 13 December 1981, when General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law.[2] Wałęsa, like many other Solidarity leaders and activists, was arrested; he would be incarcerated for 11 months at several eastern towns (Chylice, Otwock, and Arłamów, near the Soviet border) until 14 November 1982.[3][4] On October 8, 1982, Solidarity was outlawed.[9] In 1983 Wałęsa applied to return to the Gdańsk Shipyard as a simple electrician.[3] That same year, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[2] He was unable to accept it himself, fearing that Poland's government would not let him back into the country.[2][3] His wife Danuta accepted the prize on his behalf.[2][3]
Round-table negotiationsThrough the mid-1980s, Wałęsa continued underground Solidarity-related activities.[5] Every issue of the leading underground weekly, Tygodnik Mazowsze, bore his motto, "Solidarity will not be divided or destroyed."[10] Following a 1986 amnesty for Solidarity activists,[11] Wałęsa co-founded the first overt legal Solidarity entity since the declaration of martial law—the Provisional Council of NSZZ Solidarity (Tymczasowa Rada NSZZ Solidarność).[5] From 1987 to 1990, he organized and led the "semi-illegal" Provisional Executive Committee of the Solidarity Trade Union. In late summer 1988, he instigated work-stoppage strikes at the Gdańsk Shipyard.[5]
After months of strikes and political deliberations, at the conclusion of the 10th plenary session of the Polish United Workers Party, or PZPR (the Polish communist party), the government agreed to enter into Round Table Negotiations that lasted from February to April 1989.[2] Wałęsa was an informal leader of the "non-governmental" side in the negotiations.[4] During the talks, he traveled the length and breadth of Poland, giving speeches in support of the negotiations.[2] At the end of the talks, the government signed an agreement to re-establish the Solidarity Trade Union and to organize "semi-free" elections to the Polish parliament (semi-free since, in accordance with the Round Table Agreement, only members of the Communist Party and its allies could stand for 65% of the seats in the Sejm).[2][8][12][13]
In December 1988, Wałęsa co-founded the Solidarity Citizens' Committee.[4] Theoretically it was merely an advisory body, but in practice it was a kind of political party and won the parliamentary elections in June 1989 (Solidarity took all the seats in the Sejm that were subject to free elections, and all but one seat in the newly re-established Senate).[14] Wałęsa was one of Solidarity's most public figures; though he did not run for parliament himself, he was an active campaigner, appearing on many campaign posters.[2] In fact, Solidarity winners in the Sejm elections were referred to as "Wałęsa's team" or "Lech's team," as all those who won had appeared on their election posters together with him.[15][16]
While ostensibly only chairman of Solidarity, Wałęsa played a key role in practical politics. At the end of 1989 he persuaded leaders of former communist-allied parties to form a non-communist coalition government — the first non-Communist government in the Soviet Bloc. The parliament elected Tadeusz Mazowiecki as prime minister — the first non-communist Polish prime minister in over four decades.[8]
Presidency
Wałęsa (right) with former U.S. Senator Rick SantorumFollowing the June 1989 parliamentary elections, Wałęsa was disappointed that some of his former comrades-in-arms were satisfied to govern alongside former communists.[8] He decided to run for the newly re-established office of president, using the slogan, "I don't want to, but I've got no choice" ("Nie chcem, ale muszem.").[2][8] On 9 December 1990, Wałęsa won the presidential election, defeating Prime Minister Mazowiecki and other candidates to become the first democratically elected president of Poland.[3] In 1993 he founded his own political party, the Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms (BBWR — the initials echoed those of Józef Piłsudski's "Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government," of 1928–35, likewise an ostensibly non-political organization).
During his presidency, Wałęsa saw Poland through privatization and transition to a free-market economy (the Balcerowicz Plan), Poland's 1991 first completely free parliamentary elections, and a period of redefinition of Poland's foreign relations.[2][6] He successfully negotiated the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Polish soil and won a substantial reduction in Poland's foreign debts.[3]
Wałęsa supported Poland's entry into NATO and into the European Union (both these goals would be realized after his presidency, in 1999 and 2004, respectively).[3] In the early 1990s, Wałęsa proposed the creation of a "NATO bis" as a sub-regional security system. The concept, while supported by right-wing and populist movements in Poland, garnered little support abroad; Poland's neighbors, some of whom (e.g., Lithuania) had only recently regained independence, tended to see the proposal as Polish "neo-imperialism."[8][17]
Wałęsa has been criticized for a confrontational style and for instigating "war at the top," whereby former Solidarity allies clashed with one another, causing annual changes of government.[6][8][10][18][19] This increasingly isolated Wałęsa on the political scene.[20] As he lost more and more political allies, he came to be surrounded by people who were viewed by the public as incompetent and disreputable.[10][20] Mudslinging during election campaigns tarnished his reputation.[2][21] The ex-electrician with no higher education was thought by some to be too plain-spoken and too undignified for the post of president.[6][8][22] Others thought him too erratic in his views[8][19][23] or complained that he was too authoritarian — that he sought to strengthen his own power at the expense of the Sejm.[8][19][20][22] Finally, Wałęsa's problems were compounded by the difficult transition to a market economy; while in the long run it was seen as highly successful, it lost Wałęsa's government much popular support.[19][20][24]
Wałęsa's BBWR performed poorly in the 1993 parliamentary elections; at times his popular support dwindled to some 10%, and he narrowly lost the 1995 presidential election, gathering 48.72% of the vote in the run-off against Aleksander Kwaśniewski, who represented the resurgent Polish post-communists (the Democratic Left Alliance, SLD).[2][8][20] Wałęsa's fate was sealed by his poor handling of the media; in the televised debates, he came off as incoherent and rude; at the end of the first of the two debates, in response to Kwaśniewski's extended hand, he replied that the post-communist leader could "shake his leg."[20] After the election, Wałęsa said he was going to go into "political retirement," and his role in politics became increasingly marginal.[18][25][26]
Later years
Since the end of his presidency, Wałęsa has lectured on Central European history and politics at various universities and organizations.[27][28] In 1996 he founded the Lech Walesa Institute, a think tank whose mission is to support democracy and local governments in Poland and throughout the world.[3] In 1997 he helped organize a new party, Christian Democracy of the 3rd Polish Republic;[5] he also supported the coalition Solidarity Electoral Action (Akcja Wyborcza Solidarność), which won the 1997 parliamentary elections.[5][8] However, the party's real leader and main organizer was a new Solidarity Trade Union leader, Marian Krzaklewski.[29] Wałęsa ran again in the 2000 presidential election, but received only 1% of the vote.[21] During Poland's 2005 presidential elections, Wałęsa supported Donald Tusk, saying that he was the best candidate.[30]
In 2006 Wałęsa quit Solidarity, citing differences over the union's support of the Law and Justice party, and the rise to power of Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński.[31] On 27 February 2008, at Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, in Houston, Texas, in the United States, Wałęsa underwent a coronary artery stent placement and the implantation of a cardiac pacemaker.[32] In the run-up to the 2009 European Parliament elections, he appeared at a rally in Rome to endorse the pan-European Eurosceptic party Libertas, describing it and its founder Declan Ganley as "a force for good in the world."[33][34] Wałęsa admitted that he had been paid to give the speech but claimed to support Civic Platform, while expressing the hope that Libertas candidates would be elected to the European Parliament.[33]
Over the years, Wałesa has been accused of having been an informer for the Polish secret police in the early 1970s, codenamed "Bolek". On 11 August 2000, the Warsaw Appellate Court, V Wydział Lustracyjny, declared that Wałęsa's lustration statement was true — that he had not collaborated with the communist regime.[35] Nonetheless, periodically the question resurfaces. A 2008 book by historians from the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Sławomir Cenckiewicz and Piotr Gontarczyk, received substantial coverage in the media, provoked a hot nation-wide debate, and was noted by the international press.[36][37][38][39] The book is seen as very controversial.[40] Wałęsa himself denies having collaborated with the secret police, and others have noted that the Polish secret police commonly falsified documents.[23][41] In November 2009 Wałęsa sued the then president of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, over his having repeated the collaboration allegations.[42]
Views
Wałęsa is a devout Roman Catholic[8][dead link] and a staunch opponent of abortion, and has said that he would rather have resigned the presidency twenty times than sign into law a bill permitting abortion in Poland.[43]
He has also said that he is interested in information technology and likes to use new developments in that field. He has claimed to have personally assembled several computers to find out how they work, and has said that he takes a smartphone, a palmtop, and a laptop with him when traveling.[44] Early in 2006 he revealed that he is a registered user of the Polish instant-messaging service Gadu-Gadu, and was granted a new special user number — 1980.[45] Later that year, he also said that he used Skype, his "handle" being lwprezydent2006.[46] It is rumored that around 1980 Gillette offered him $1,000,000 to shave off his trademark moustache in a commercial, but that he refused.[28][47] A couple of years later, though, he surprised the public by shaving off the mustache for personal reasons.[28]
Honors
Apart from his 1983 Nobel Peace Prize,[48] Wałęsa has received many other international distinctions and awards.[4] He has been named "Man of the Year" by Time Magazine (1981), The Financial Times (1980) and The Observer (1980).[4] He was the first recipient of the Liberty Medal, on 4 July 1989 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,[49] and that same year received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.[50] He is the third foreigner and the first non-head-of-state to have addressed a joint session of the United States Congress (15 November 1989).[4]
On 8 February 2002, Wałęsa represented Europe, carrying the Olympic flag at the opening ceremonies of the XIX Olympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City, in company with Archbishop Desmond Tutu (Africa), John Glenn (the Americas), Kazuyoshi Funaki (Asia), Cathy Freeman (Oceania), Jean-Michel Cousteau (Environment), Jean-Claude Killy (Sport), and Steven Spielberg (Culture).[51][52] Two years later, on 10 May 2004, Gdańsk International Airport was officially renamed Gdańsk Lech Wałęsa Airport to commemorate a famous Gdańsk citizen, and his signature was incorporated into the airport's logo.[53]
A month later, in June 2004, Wałęsa represented Poland at the state funeral of Ronald Reagan.[54] On 11 October 2006, Wałęsa was keynote speaker at the launch of "International Human Solidarity Day," proclaimed in 2005 by the United Nations General Assembly.[55] In January 2007 Wałęsa spoke at a Taiwan event, "Towards a Global Forum on New Democracies," in support of peace and democracy, along with other prominent world leaders and Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian.[56]
On 25 April 2007, Wałęsa represented the Polish government at the funeral of Boris Yeltsin, former President of the Russian Federation.[57] On 23 October 2009, he spoke at a conference in Gdansk of presidents of all European senates, commemorating the 20th anniversary of the first free parliamentary elections in a former communist country — the 1989 elections to the Polish Senate.
POR: YOUTUBE, EFEMERIDES.NET Y WIKIPEDIA
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