EFEMERIDES

PUBLICADO PARA HOY 11 DE ENERO


Julio Cesar dirije su ejercito atravéz del rio Rubicón

1930 Nació Rod Taylor, actor australiano.
1906 Nació Albert Hofmann, químico suizo, creador del LSD.
1891 Nació Jacinto Miquelarena, escritor humorista español.

1975 Fallece Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, dramaturgo y director del periódico español ABC.
1949 Fallece Carlos Lesca Saralegui, escritor argentino.
1641 Fallece Juan de Jáuregui, poeta, erudito y pintor español.

San Alejandro
San Higinio
San Teodosio

Efemérides del día, efemérides de la semana, efemérides del año. Cuándo nació? Donde nació? Donde murió? Cuando murió? Cómo murió?. Santoral de hoy, todos los Santos, las Santas, las Beatas...

1989 La policía francesa detiene a Josu Ternera, máximo dirigente de ETA.
1984 Salvador Dalí anuncia la creación de la fundación Gala-Salvador Dalí y la donación de 621 de sus obras.
1962 Se inauguró el Concilio Vaticano II, que actualizó las estructuras y doctrina de la Iglesia Católica.
1940 Benjamin O. Davis Sr. es nombrado el primer general negro del ejercito americano.
1935 El autogiro de Juan de la Cierva realiza impresionantes pruebas en Madrid, descendiendo y elevándose verticalmente desde gran altura.
1922 Léonard Thompson administra insulina por primera vez a un paciente en el Toronto General Hospital.
1913 Proclamación de la independencia del Tíbet.
1875 Alfonso XII desembarca en Valencia, procedente de Barcelona, y se dirige hacia Madrid para ocupar el trono de España.
1787 William Herschel, astrónomo alemás nacionalizado británico, descubrió Titania y Oberon, lunas de Urano.
1601 La Corte de Felipe III se traslada de Madrid a Valladolid, con arreglo a una orden oficial del día anterior.
1565 El conquistador español Miguel López de Legazpi toma posesión de las Carolinas Orientales, hoy islas Marshall.
630 El profeta y fundador del Islam, Mahoma, destruye la idolatría del santuario de la Kaaba en La Meca.
49 BC Julio Cesar dirije su ejercito atravéz del rio Rubicón, envolviendo a Roma en una guerra civil.

=====================================================================================

World War II- Red Tail Ceremony with Benjamin O. Davis Senior



Lt. Colonel Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. led the 99th Pursuit Squadron. He was the first black officer to solo an Army Air Corp aircraft. He and other airmen are decorated by his father, the Army's first black General, Benjamin O. Davis, Sr.



Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

December 18, 1912(1912-12-18) – July 4, 2002(2002-07-04) (aged 89)


General Benjamin O. Davis, Jr.
Place of birth Washington, D.C.
Place of death Washington, D.C.
Place of burial Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance United States
Service/branch United States Army
United States Air Force
Years of service 1936–1970
Rank General (1998)
Commands held 99th Pursuit Squadron
332nd Fighter Group
Tuskegee Airmen
51st Fighter Wing
Thirteenth Air Force
Battles/wars World War II
Korean War
Awards Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Air Medal
Army Commendation Medal
Other work Federal Sky Marshall Program
Assistant Secretary of Transportation

Benjamin Oliver Davis Jr. (December 18, 1912 – July 4, 2002) was an American born United States Air Force general and commander of the World War II Tuskegee Airmen.

Davis was the second African-American general in the United States Air Force. Daniel "Chappie" James Jr., became the first in 1975. Davis, was later advanced to four-star general., on December 9, 1998, by President Clinton. During World War II, Davis was commander of the 332nd Fighter Group, which escorted bombers on air combat missions over Europe. Davis himself flew sixty missions in P-39, Curtiss P-40, P-47 and P-51 Mustang fighters.


Biography

Benjamin Oliver Davis, Jr was born in Washington, D.C. on December 18, 1912, the second of three children born to Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. and Elnora Dickerson Davis. His father was a U.S. Army officer, and at the time was stationed in Wyoming serving as a lieutenant with an all-white cavalry unit. Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. served 42 years before he was promoted to brigadier general. Elnora Davis died from complications after giving birth to their third child (Elnora) in 1916.

At the age of 13, in the summer of 1926, the younger Davis went for a flight with a barnstorming pilot at Bolling Field in Washington, D.C. The experience led to his determination to become a pilot himself. He was the first officer to get his wings from the Tuskegee Army Air Field on March 7, 1942.

After attending the University of Chicago, he entered the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York in 1932. He was sponsored by Representative Oscar De Priest (R-IL) of Chicago, at the time, the only black member of Congress. During the entire four years of his Academy term, Davis was shunned by his classmates, few of whom spoke to him outside the line of duty. He never had a roommate. He ate by himself. His classmates hoped that this would drive him out of the Academy. The "silent treatment" had the opposite effect. It made Davis more determined to graduate. Nevertheless, he earned the respect of his classmates, as evidenced by the biographical note beneath his picture in the 1936 yearbook, the Howitzer:

"The courage, tenacity, and intelligence with which he conquered a problem incomparably more difficult than plebe year won for him the sincere admiration of his classmates, and his single-minded determination to continue in his chosen career cannot fail to inspire respect wherever fortune may lead him."[1]

He graduated in 1936, 35th in a class of 278. He was the academy's fourth black graduate. When he was commissioned as a second lieutenant, the Army had a grand total of two black line officers — Benjamin O. Davis, Sr. and Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. After graduation he married Agatha Scott.

At the start of his senior year at West Point, Davis had applied for the Army Air Corps but was rejected because it did not accept blacks. He was instead assigned to the all-black 24th Infantry Regiment (one of the original Buffalo Soldier regiments) at Fort Benning, Georgia. He was not allowed inside the base officers' club.

He later attended the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, but then was assigned to teach military tactics at Tuskegee Institute, a black college in Alabama. This was something his father had done years before. It was the Army's way to avoid having a black officer in command of white soldiers.


Capt Benjamin Oliver Davis, Jr., of Washington, D.C., climbing into an Advanced Trainer. Tuskegee, Alabama. January 1942Early in 1941, the Roosevelt administration, in response to public pressure for greater black participation in the military as war approached, ordered the War Department to create a black flying unit. Captain Davis was assigned to the first training class at Tuskegee Army Air Field (hence the name Tuskegee Airmen), and in March 1942 won his wings as one of five black officers to complete the course. He was the first black officer to solo an Army Air Corps aircraft. In July that year, having been promoted to lieutenant colonel, he was named commander of the first all-black air unit, the 99th Pursuit Squadron.

The squadron, equipped with Curtiss P-40 fighters, was sent to Tunisia in North Africa in the spring of 1943. On June 2, they saw combat for the first time in a dive-bombing mission against the German-held island of Pantelleria. The squadron later supported the Allied invasion of Sicily.

In September 1943, Davis was called back to the United States to take command of the 332nd Fighter Group, a larger all-black unit preparing to go overseas.

Soon after his arrival, however, there was an attempt to stop the use of black pilots in combat. Senior officers in the Army Air Forces recommended to the Army chief of staff, General George Marshall, that the 99th (Davis's old unit) be removed from combat operations as it had performed poorly. This infuriated Davis as he had never been told of any deficiencies with the unit. He held a news conference at The Pentagon to defend his men and then presented his case to a War Department committee studying the use of black servicemen.

Marshall ordered an inquiry but allowed the 99th to continue fighting in the meantime. The inquiry eventually reported that the 99th's performance was comparable to other air units, but any questions about the squadron's fitness were answered in January 1944 when its pilots shot down 12 German planes in 2 days while protecting the Anzio beachhead.

Colonel Davis and his 332d Fighter Group arrived in Italy soon after that. The four-squadron group, which was called the Red Tails for the distinctive markings of its planes, were based at Ramitelli and flew many missions deep into German territory. By summer 1944 the Group had transitioned to P-47 Thunderbolts.

In the summer of 1945, Davis took over the all-black 477th Bombardment Group, which was stationed at Godman Field, Kentucky.

During the war, the airmen commanded by Davis had compiled an outstanding record in combat against the Luftwaffe. They flew more than 15,000 sorties, shot down 111 enemy planes, and destroyed or damaged 273 on the ground at a cost of 66 of their own planes. The bombers lost to enemy action during their escort missions numbered only as many as 25 Tuskegee Airmen.

Davis himself led dozens of missions in P-47 Thunderbolts and P-51 Mustangs. He received the Silver Star for a strafing run into Austria and the Distinguished Flying Cross for a bomber-escort mission to Munich on June 9, 1944.

In July 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed an executive order ordering the racial integration of the armed forces. Colonel Davis helped draft the Air Force plan for implementing this order. The Air Force was the first of the services to integrate fully.


Colonel Davis, commander of the 51st FIW, leads a formation of F-86F Sabres during the Korean WarDavis served at the Pentagon and in overseas posts over the next two decades. He again saw combat in 1953 when he assumed command of the 51st Fighter-Interceptor Wing (51 FIW) and flew an F-86 Sabre in Korea.

He served as Director of Operations and Training at Far East Air Forces Headquarters, Tokyo, from 1954 until 1955, when he assumed the position of Vice Commander, Thirteenth Air Force (13 AF), with additional duty as commander, Air Task Force 13 (Provisional), Taipei, Formosa. In April 1957 General Davis arrived at Ramstein Air Base, Germany, as chief of staff, Twelfth Air Force (12 AF), U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). When the Twelfth Air Force was transferred to James Connally Air Force Base, Texas in December 1957, he assumed new duties as deputy chief of staff for operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE), Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany.

In July 1961, he returned to the United States and Headquarters U.S. Air Force where he served as the Director of Manpower and Organization, Deputy Chief of Staff for Programs and Requirements; and in February 1965 was assigned as assistant deputy chief of staff, programs and requirements. He remained in that position until his assignment as chief of staff for the United Nations Command and U.S. Forces in Korea (USFK) in April 1965. He assumed command of the Thirteenth Air Force (13 AF) at Clark Air Base in the Republic of the Philippines in August 1967.

Davis was assigned as deputy commander in chief, U.S. Strike Command, with headquarters at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida, in August 1968, with additional duty as commander in chief, Middle-East, Southern Asia and Africa. He retired from active military service on February 1, 1970.

On December 9, 1998, Benjamin O. Davis Jr. was advanced to the rank of General, U.S. Air Force (Retired), with President Clinton pinning on his four-star insignia.[2]

Dates of rank

General Davis' effective dates of promotion are:[2]

Second Lieutenant: June 12, 1936
First Lieutenant: June 19, 1939
Captain: October 9, 1940 (temporary); June 12, 1946 (permanent)
Major: May 13, 1942 (temporary);
Lieutenant Colonel: May 29, 1942 (temporary); July 2, 1948 (permanent)
Colonel: May 29, 1944 (temporary); July 27, 1950 (permanent)
Brigadier General: October 27, 1954 (temporary); May 16, 1960 (permanent)
Major General: June 30, 1959 (temporary); January 30, 1962 (permanent)
Lieutenant General: April 30, 1965
General December 9, 1998 (advanced)

Decorations and honors

At the time of Davis's retirement in 1970, he held the rank of lieutenant general, but on December 9, 1998 President Bill Clinton awarded him a fourth star, raising him to the rank of full general. After retirement, he headed the federal sky marshal program, and in 1971 was named Assistant Secretary of Transportation for Environment, Safety, and Consumer Affairs. Overseeing the development of airport security and highway safety, Davis was one of the chief proponents of the 55 mile per hour speed limit to save gasoline and lives. He retired from the Department of Transportation in 1975, and in 1978 served on the American Battle Monuments Commission, on which his father had served decades before. In 1991, he published his autobiography, Benjamin O. Davis Jr.: American (Smithsonian Institution Press).

His military decorations included the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Army Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit with two oak leaf clusters, Distinguished Flying Cross, Air Medal with four oak leaf clusters, Army Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters, and the Philippine Legion of Honor.[2]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Benjamin O. Davis, Jr. on his list of 100 Greatest African Americans.[3]

Death

His wife Agatha died in early 2002 and General Davis, who was 89 and suffering from Alzheimer's disease, followed shortly after, passing away on July 4, 2002 at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C.. General Davis was buried July 17, 2002 at Arlington National Cemetery. A Red Tail P-51 Mustang, similar to the one he had flown in World War II, flew overhead during funeral services. Bill Clinton said, "General Davis is here today as living proof that a person can overcome adversity and discrimination, achieve great things, turn skeptics into believers; and through example and perseverance, one person can bring truly extraordinary change".[4]

In popular culture

Davis was portrayed by Andre Braugher in the 1995 made for TV movie The Tuskegee Airmen.


POR: YOUTUBE, EFEMERIDES.NET Y WIKIPEDIA